亲营养素可替代抗生素饲料添加剂

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　　亲营养素可替代抗生素饲料添加剂

　　李凯年 逯德山 编译(吉林出入境检验检疫局 130062)

　　By Dr Jaime Borrell - The intensification of animal production has been made possible mainly due to the advances made in the field of genetics.PART I: INTRODUCTIONThe current tendency at a worldwide level is to reduce the use of chemical substances with prophylactic character, permitting their use only for therapeutic means.目前，由于抗生素饲料添加剂的副作用日益明显，减少和限制使用抗生素饲料添加剂预防动物疫病已经成为全世界的发展趋势。在许多发达国家，抗生素只被允许用于治疗的目的。Therefore the investigation on efficient alternatives has been so necessary.因此，研究有效的抗生素饲料添加剂替代物势在必行，为世界各国科学界和饲养业高度重视，研制抗生素饲料添加剂替代物已经取得了明显进展。One of these alternatives is the application of the latest advances in nutrition to strengthen and maintain the health condition of the animal.其中一种替代方法是采用可以增强营养物质吸收和保持动物健康方面的最新研究进展。近几年来，关于亲营养素(pronutrient)的作用引起了人们的关注。
　　1亲营养素的定义与来源
　　1950年代中期，Gordon Rosen博士首次将亲营养素定义为动物饲料中的一种微量成分 I.1 DEFINITION AND ORIGIN OF PRONUTRIENTS，具有与任何其他营养物质不同的生理学和微生物学功能。This definition corresponds with the description of the E.U about "ingredient for feed animal ".这一定义符合欧盟关于“动物饲料成分”的描述 。根据亲营养素的来源与功能，Gordon Rosen博士Rosen classified the pronutrients in four groups according to their origin and function:将亲营养素分成为4类: Microbial pronutrients微生物亲营养素(Microbial pronutrients);Antimicrobial pronutrients抗微生物亲营养素(Antimicrobial pronutrients);Feed conditioners (compacters, flavours, oxidation inhibiters)饲料调理剂(Feed conditioners);Prophylactics预防性亲营养素(Prophylactics) 。
　　This first classification admitted the bacterial, vegetal and mineral origin of the pronutrients.这种首次分类将亲营养素的来源分成细菌、植物和矿物质。由于这种分类也使Since this first classification by Dr. Gordon Rosen the feed industry and legislation have changed considerably making a revision of the definition, the classification and the origin of the pronutrients necessary.饲料工业和立法发生很大的变化，有必要对亲营养素的定义、分类和来源作出修改。
　　We consider that the definition of Dr. Gordon Rosen should be maintained and that only the classification and origin of the pronutrients should be revised.我们认为，Gordon Rosen博士的定义应予维持，只是在分类与来源上加以修改。This way a pronutrient is still defined as a microingredient included in the feed formulation in relatively small quantities in order to improve the physiology and the intrinsic nutritional value and to prevent the presence of pathogenes.这样，将亲营养素仍定义为动物饲料中的一种微量成分 I.1 DEFINITION AND ORIGIN OF PRONUTRIENTS，具有与任何其他营养素不同的生理学和微生物学功能。Eventhough the early classification mixed concepts like origin and function, it seems more apropriate to classify pronutrients according to their function:早期的分类可能混淆了亲营养素来源与功能，按照其功能进行如下分类可能更恰当：Intestinal conditioners肠道调理剂(Intestinal conditioners) ;肠道优化剂(Intestinal optimizers)Intestinal optimizers;Hepatic protectors肝保护剂(Hepatic protectors);Immune modulator免疫调节剂 (Immune modulator);矿物质吸收促进剂Mineral absorption promoters(Mineral absorption promoters);Feed conditioners (flavours, encimes, oxidation inhibiters)饲料调节剂(Feed conditioners);Anti free radicals抗自由基(Anti free radicals);Epithelium optimizers上皮优化剂(Epithelium optimizers);Hypophyseal conditioners垂体调理剂(Hypophyseal conditioners);Ruminal and intestinal prebiotics瘤胃及肠道益生剂(Ruminal and intestinal prebiotics)。
　　We consider that the origin of pronutrients should be restricted to vegetal and microbiological, thus excluding pronutrients of animal or mineral origin.我们认为，亲营养素应限于植物和微生物，因此排除了动物或矿物质。This leads us to consider pronutrients as complex organic molecules capable of regulating or stimulating the physiology without any pharmacological effect or nutritional constituents.这可以使我们认为亲营养素是一种复杂的有机分子，能够调理或刺激生理学反应而无任何药理作用或营养成分。 The vitamins and quelated minerals could also in concept be considered part of this group but their inclusion as additives with a specific group within the European legislation permits us to consider them as close elements with their own characteristics.
　　2I.2.主要亲营养素的分类与作用PRINCIPLE PRONUTRIENT GROUPS
　　2.1CONDITIONERS OF THE INTESTINAL MUCUS肠粘膜调理剂
　　肠粘膜调理剂可以保持Maintain the physiological condition of the intestinal tract, by maintaining its digestive function, its nutrient absorption of the intestinal content and its prevention of the fixation of pathogenic bacteria to the enterocytes.肠道的生理状态，保持其消化功能，促进肠道内容物中营养物质的吸收，防止肠道致病菌定植于肠细胞。由于亲营养素既不改变肠道菌群，也不需要停药期，因此，可以有效地替代抗生素饲料添加剂而起到抗生素饲料添加剂的作用The are considered an efficient alternative for the antibiotic growth promoters as they, unlike the antibiotic growth promoters, do not alter the intestinal flora nor do they need a withdrawal time.。
　　2.2肠粘膜优化剂
　　肠粘膜优化剂可以增强肠粘膜及其局部的Strengthen the intestinal mucus and its local immunity.免疫力。由于其既没有耐药性也没有毒性作用，因此，可以They are considered an efficient alternative to the chemical coccidiostatics, as they do not create resistances nor have a toxic effect.有效替代化学抗球虫剂。
　　2.3HEPATO PROTECTORS肝保护剂
　　肝保护剂可以促进Act specifically in the liver, promoting the hepatic detoxification and having an oxidation inhibiting action.肝脏解毒及氧化抑制作用，使肝细胞保持最The optimal functioning of the hepatocyte assures an efficient detoxification, protecting it from the damage produced by mycotoxins and other contaminants: antibiotics, anthelmintics and diverse chemical substances.佳的功能，保证有效的肝解毒作用，防止真菌毒素及其他污染物如抗生素、驱虫剂及有害化学物质产生的损害。因此，可以有效替代辅助性肝保护剂。
　　2.4IMMUNE ENHANCERS免疫增强剂
　　如果免疫增强剂与Its use is of special interest if it is combined with the administration of vaccines.疫苗合并使用可以Increase the immune response.提高免疫反应。
　　2.5矿物质PROMOTERS OF MINERAL ABSORPTION吸收促进剂
　　矿物质PROMOTERS OF MINERAL ABSORPTION吸收促进剂可以促进矿物质Favour the absorption, bio-availability and use of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the feed.吸收，提高矿物质生物利用率和饲料中钙、磷、锰的利用。主要是可以提高产蛋量，改善蛋壳的质量以及补偿由某些情况如热应激、饲料中真菌毒素、继发性感染及其他原因引起的矿物质缺乏。
　　2.6FEED OPTIMIZER饲料优化剂
　　饲料优化剂可以通过产生香味、酶或酚类防腐剂等Maintain or improve the characteristics of the feed by contributing flavours, enzymes or preservative agents of the phenolic type.保持或改善饲料的性状。
　　2.7ANTI FREE RADICALS抗自由基亲营养素
　　抗自由基亲营养素可以结合Bind the free radicals to the tissues (O2 y OH-) which are generated enzymatically through the Xantina/XO system and non-enzymatically through the system NADH-metosulphate of fenacine.自由基，因此，是They are considered a natural alternative to the synthetic anti-inflammatories.一个可以替代合成抗炎剂的天然物质。
　　2.8上皮调理剂CONDITIONERS OF THE EPITHILIOS
　　上皮调理剂可以促进皮肤、呼吸道、肾小管、肾盂等主要上皮Favour the physiology of the principle epithelios: skin, respiratory, kidney (tubular) and transitional (renal pelvis).的生理学功能。
　　2.9CONDITIONER OF THE HYPOPHYSEAL垂体调理剂
　　垂体调理剂可以促进前列腺素前体三烯脂肪酸的Favour the bio-synthesis of the prostaglandines contributing fatty trienoic acids which are precursors of these prostaglandines.生物合成。因此，是They are considered a natural alternative to the synthetic anti-inflammatories.一种激素的天然替代物质。
　　2.10RUMINAL AND INTESTINAL PREBIOTICS瘤胃及肠道益生剂
　　瘤胃及肠道益生剂可以Stimulate the growth of intestinal and ruminal bacteria.刺激肠道和瘤胃中的细菌生长。The ruminal bacteria of more interest are the cellulolytes whose activity produces an increase in TVFA and proponic acid (glucogenic).瘤胃细菌的作用主要是可以分解纤维素，使TVFA和proponic酸(糖元)增加。肠道细菌的作用主要是嗜酸菌可以使细菌素和乳酸增加。
　　3PART II: CONDITIONERS OF THE INTESTINAL MUCUS 肠粘膜调理剂的作用机理与饲喂效果
　　3.1II.1 DESCRIPTION AND ACTION MECHANISM作用机理
　　肠粘膜调理剂可以保持The conditioners of the intestinal mucus maintain or restore the physiological condition of the digestive tract.或修复消化道的生理状态。Its action is based on the functional character (digestion), absorption and control of the colonizing flora.其作用是基于肠粘膜的功能特性(消化)、吸收和控制定植的菌群。来源于The pronutrients act together as conditioners of the intestinal mucus eventhough they come from natural plant extracts with different functions.有不同功能的天然植物提取物可以起到肠粘膜调理剂的作用。
　　①主要存在于生姜根茎中的Gingerol and Shognol present in Zingiber Officinalis (belonging to the family of the Zingiberaceae).姜酚和姜烯酚。
　　②主要存在于石榴果实中的Delphinidin diglycoside and malvidine pentosa glycoside present in Punica Granatum (belonging to the family of the Punicaceae).飞燕草色素和二甲花翠素。
　　③主要存在于木橘果实中的二甲烯丙基氧呋喃并苯并吡喃酮Marmelide present in Aegle Marmelos (belonging to the family of the Rutaceae), found mainly in the fruit.。
　　④主要存在于千屈菜花中的Ellagic acid present in Woodforida Fructicosa (belonging to the family of the Lythraceae) found mainly in the flower.鞣花酸。
　　⑤主要存在于止泻木树皮中的止泻木碱。
　　Each of these pronutrients has a specific action mechanism for the digestive tract, effecting either the digestive function or the absorption of the nutrients of the intestinal content.上述亲营养素对消化道都有特殊的作用机理。或影响消化功能或影响肠道中营养物的吸收。简言之，亲营养素的作用机理In short, the pronutrients ac如下如下如下：
　　①可以使stabilizing the intestinal peristalsis, improving the adecuate transit of the nutrients (proteins, vitamins, minerals, electrolites….) through the lumen, allowing for its optimal absorption.肠蠕动保持稳定、提高营养物质(蛋白质、维生素、矿物质、电解质等)的充分运送，使营养物质在肠道中得到最佳的吸收。
　　②contributing to the formation of an exclusion gel.有助于形成一种排斥凝胶。这种This gel is made of an array of polysacharrides that permit the separation of the molecules according to their size, facilitating the absorption of the smaller molecules.凝胶以多聚糖排列构成，可以使分子按大小分开，便于较小分子的吸收。此外，Also, this gel acts as a base for the growth of certain bacteria (acidophils) that act as probiotics impeding the development and multiplication of pathogenic bacteria.这凝胶还可以作为某些细菌生长的基础(嗜酸性细菌)。这些细菌可以作为益生菌阻止致病菌的发育和繁殖。嗜酸性细菌通过合成嗜酸菌素以及某些酶如过氧化物酶产生The probiotic action produced by the acidophil bacteria which synthesize substances such as acidophiline, cataboline and certain enzymes like peroxidase.益生作用。
　　③有助于气体的favour the reabsorption of the gas.再吸收。
　　④maintain the physiological condition of the intestinal mucus.维持肠道粘膜的生理状态.
　　3.2饲喂效果
　　通过饲喂试验II.2 Results of effecacy in vivo: Results obtained in industrial chickenComparison of the efficacy of pronutrients and antibiotic growth promoters.比较了抗生素生长促进剂与亲营养素的效果。在During a period of 45 days two types of treatment were administered and the following parametres were analyzed:45天中给动物两种处理并用下述5个参数进行效果分析评价: ①% deaths死亡率(%);②% accumulated deaths累计死亡(%);③average weight平均体重;④average daily weight gain (ADWG)平均日增重(ADWG);⑤feed conversion (FC)饲料转化率(FC)。The following two types of treatment that were administered:两种处理如下:
　　Treatment 2: the animals were treated with a pronutrient that substituted the avilamicine, maintaining intact the rest of the treatment, with the following dosis处理Treatment 1: the animals were treated with an antibiotic growth promoter and chemical coccidiostatics belonging to the family of the carbanilides and the group of the ionophores, with the following dosis: Avilamicine (0-44 d) + carbanilamide nº (0-14 d) + carbanilamide nº2 (15-28 d) + ionophore (29-40 d) + no treatment from day 41 - 45.1:用抗生素饲料添加剂和属于二苯脲与离子载体类的化学抗球虫剂处理动物，处理方式为，avilamicine(0~44天)+carbanilamide(0~14天)+carbanilamide(15~28天)+离子载体类化学抗球虫剂(29~40天)+不处理(41~45天)。
　　处理Treatment 2: the animals were treated with a pronutrient that substituted the avilamicine, maintaining intact the rest of the treatment, with the following dosis:2:用亲营养素取代avilamicine处理动物，其余的处理方式不变。具体的处理方式为，INTESTINAL CONDITIONERS* (0-44 d) + carbanilamide nº (0-14 d) + carbanilamide nº2 (15-28 d) + ionophore (29-40 d) + no treatment from day 41 - 45.肠道调理剂(0~44天)+carbanilamide(0~14天)+carbanilamide(15~28天)+离子载体类化学抗球虫剂(29~40天)+不处理(41~45天)。
　　获得的The results that were obtained are shown in the table 1,2 and 3.结果如表1、2和3所示。
　　表1：8~14天试验结果

处理	死亡率（%）	累计死亡（%）	平均体重	平均日增重	饲料转化率
1	15	15	0.34	24.29	1.57
2	0.25	0.25	0.35	25.21	1.45

　　表2：15~28天试验结果

处理	死亡率（%）	累计死亡（%）	平均体重	平均日增重	饲料转化率
1	1	2.5	1.29	46.32	1.68
2	0	0.25	1.29	46.36	1.51

　　表3：29~45天试验结果

处理	死亡率（%）	累计死亡（%）	平均体重	平均日增重	饲料转化率
1	1.0	3.5	2.88	64.13	1.81
2	1.5	1.75	2.85	63.60	1.77

抗生素饲料添加剂的主要作用是抑制肠道内微生物的生长和活性，抑制肠道微生物产生氨、酚类、芳香族化合物及胆酸的生物学转化等不利于生产性能发挥的代谢产物。同时可预防临床不明显的肠道炎症，保证肠壁良好的通透性，促进肠壁血液吸收营养物质，从而对促进动物生产性能的充分发挥有良好的作用。饲喂试验结果表明，用亲营养肠道调理剂处理The animals that were treated with INTESTINAL CONDITIONER* showed a lower % of deaths, better feed conversion as well as a higher efficacy index.动物可以使动物的死亡率降低，饲料转化率和生产效率指数高。Therefore, the use of INTESTINAL CONDITIONER* proves to be a good alternative for the use of antibiotics obtaining markedly better results.因此，可以证明使用亲营养肠道调理剂替代抗生素饲料添加剂可以获得同样良好的效果。

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