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发表于 2008-3-16 23:10:12
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It might be possible to affect placental transfer of nutrients by the administration of cortical hormones but it would not appear to be a very practical method.
似乎可以通过服用肾上腺皮质激素来影响胎盘对营养物质的转运，但是这种方法却很难在实际中得到应用。
Would moustgaard comment on the nutrition of the embryo in the very early stages before the implantation of the fertilized ova. What is the significance of uterine milk(子宫乳) in the pig? Is it in any way related to survival of the embryos at that stage.
Moustgaard对受精卵定植前的早期胚胎营养作了说明吗？对猪来讲，子宫乳的意义何在？子宫乳与早期胚胎的存活有什么关系？
We have examined the composition of uterine milk in a number of species but not as yet the pig. Large quantities of a muco- protein complex appear in the uterus under the influence of progesterone(孕激素)which probably is intimately involved in the nutrition of the blastocysts. There is a good deal of variation in blastocyst size before implantation but it is not known whether this is related to survival rate. There is certainly evidence of differential growth of blastocysts in relation to differences in the composition of uterine milk. We have examined this by transplantation of ova in rabbits and recorded the influence of uterine milk compositon on the subsequent growth of these eggs. As yet the precise composition of the muco-protein complex is not defined.
我们已经测定了很多动物的子宫乳组成，但不包括猪。受孕激素影响，子宫会分泌大量粘蛋白复合物，它们可能也与囊胚的营养有关。囊胚的大小在定植前会不同，但是还不知道大小的差异是否和存活率有关。有事实表明，囊胚的生长与子宫乳的组成有关。我们已经通过兔子的卵细胞定植证明了这一点，并且纪录了子宫乳组成对后续卵细胞生长的影响。但是到目前为止仍然不知道粘蛋白复合物的组成。
May I refer now to moustgaard’s seventh figure which shows a very high heat invrement in advanced pregnancy; this taken in conjunction with the evidence presented by salmon-legagneur regarding changes in body composition, suggests that whereas the utilization of energy is comparatively low, that for protein is good. This is explained by the influence of oestrogen in the late pregnancy, or in other words, these changes are consistent with the change in endocrine balance.
我引用Moustgaard的第七个图表来说明妊娠后期非常高的热增耗；这与salmon-legagneur提供的关于体组成的变化一起说明：虽然这时能量的利用相对低了，但是蛋白质却相反。这可以通过妊娠后期雌激素的作用来解释，换句话说，这种代谢变化与内分泌平衡的变化是一致的。
It appears unlikely that the pig should be very different from other species, notably the sheep, in which birthweight can be readily manipulated by varying the plane of nutrition of the dam. Has experimental work in this field with the pig been complicated by variations in the body composition or degree of fatness of the sows used in relation to the time at which varying planes of nutrition have been imposed?
猪应该与其它动物很相似，尤其是绵羊，都可以很容易的通过改变母畜的营养状况来改变幼畜的出生重。在妊娠母猪强化营养阶段，研究母猪体组成／背膘厚对仔猪出生重的影响，进行这样的实验并不是很复杂的。
It would be inappropriate(不恰当的) to ….
It is quite apparent from what has been said that creep feeding has an important influence on the weaning weight of piglets; furthermore the post weaning check is of considerable significance in practice……….this would obviate the post weaning check(断奶后生长受阻).
根据前面的讲解很容易得出这样的结论：教槽料显著影响仔猪的断奶体重；展开来讲，断奶后仔猪的生长受阻的问题在实践中也很突出。。。。。。这样就可以避免仔猪断奶后生长受阻的发生。
There is in fact, little information available regarding the factors which affect creep feed intake by piglets. Dempster’s suggestion might conceivably have considerable merit though I would not like to speculate too far as to the success of its operation in practice. Among other things there is considerable variation between piglets in creep feed consumption. This suggestion should be examined experimentally.
事实上，有关影响仔猪教槽料采食量的因素的研究资料很少。虽然我不原意就Dempster的建议能否在未来生产中成功应用作出推测，但是他的想法却是是很不错。
Would it not be logical to wean the piglets so that the complications relating to the interaction of feed from the sow and feed from the creep would be eliminated?
难度我们会因为给仔猪断奶不符合逻辑就可以忽略母猪料和教槽料之间互作的复杂性了吗？
The main factor here is the economic one :creep feed of the necessary composition is very much more costly than a sow ration.
主要的还是经济因素：教槽料中的关键原料要比母猪料贵好多。
How important is access to a water supply in relation to creep-feed consumption by piglets?
饮水量对提高教槽量的采食量来说到底有多重要？
There is very little information but certainly piglets will consume appreciable quantities of water even in the very early stages.
虽然数据不是很多，但是可以肯定仔猪在很小的时候饮水量就很可观了。
It is quite apparent from the data now available that there is considerable variation in performance between even closely related sows. The small numbers used in some experiments must surely lead to conclusions of doubtful validity.
根据现在的研究，显而易见，即使状况很相近的母猪群，生产性能还是有差异的。如果实验母猪头数不足，那就肯定会得出令人怀疑的结论。
At leeds groups of 18 sows per treatment are now being used and this number appears to be inadequate. I feel strongly that data should be obtained over 3 or 4 litters before any valid conclusion can be obtained.
本实验中每个处理组至少有１８头母猪，这个数似乎仍然不足。我强烈建议：至少要作３－４胎，才可以得出一些结论。
Jesperson and olsen in Denmark, in work conducted before the war, divided their sows into groups in relation to their ‘level of performance’. Nutritional treatments yielded different results dependent upon the inherent potential of the sows in question.
丹麦的Jesperson and olsen，曾根据母猪的“生产性能水平”进行分组实验。不同的营养处理得出的结论与这些“生产性能水平相同”的母猪的本身繁殖潜力有关。
Would Lodge comment in connection with the nutrient requirements of sows which are both gestating and lactating?
Lodge会对泌乳期间妊娠的母猪的营养需要进行说明吗？
Simultaneous gestation and lactation is not common but if the sow were to be successfully mated after say three weeks of lactation, the extra nutrient requirements for early pregnancy are of a very low order?
泌乳期间妊娠并不常见，但是如果泌乳３周后成功配种，那么这个阶段的妊娠营养需要会很低吗？
In my experience when pregnancy does occur in the sow during lactation, then agalactia occurs. Would Lodge comment as to the effect of varying creep feed consumption by piglets on the milk they obtain from the sow?
根据我的实验研究，如果泌乳期间妊娠，母猪就会发生无乳。关于改变仔猪教槽料的采食量对母乳的影响，Lodge会作说明吗？
The behaviour pattern with regard to frequency of sucking remains unchanged irrespective of creep-feed consumption. I would conclude that the milk supply of the sow is more likely to influence creep-feed consumption rather than the reverse.
尽管仔猪采食了教槽料，但是它们吮吸母乳的频率并没有变。我可以推断，母乳的供给很可能会影响仔猪教槽料采食量，而不是没有影响的。
We have been quite successful in the mating of sows during lactation without the untoward effects mentioned by Boaz.
我们在母猪泌乳期间已经成功的完成了配种，而且没有发生Boaz所提到的那种不好影响。
May I raise a question in relation to Morgan’s experimental work on the significance of dietary energy:protein ratio on pig performance. Would not the protein levels be better defined in terms of amino acids? The 14 percent protein level might have an amino acid status equivalent to that in the 20 percent protein diet. In our own work we are working on energy:lysine ratios.
我可以就Morgan的“关于日粮能量：蛋白质比对猪生产性能重要影响的实验研究”提个问题吗？难道蛋白质的水平不可以用氨基酸来更准确的定义吗？１４％的粗蛋白质的氨基酸水平可以与２０％粗蛋白水平一样的。在我们自己的研究中，我们正在进行能量：氨基酸比例的研究。
This is a valid point but I would emphasize that if one considers lysine alone on could very easily overlook a number of other interrelated variables. In our studies we tried to ensure that there were no amino acid deficiencies. In the first instance we were examining the significance of over all protein level without complication by individual amino acid limitations.
我特别强调比较重要的一点：如果您仅仅考虑赖氨酸，那会很容易的就忽略了其他很多有内在关系的氨基酸。在我们的研究中，我们力求保证没有一种氨基酸缺乏。在正在进行的第一个实验中，我们是验证不缺乏任何单一氨基酸的情况下，蛋白质水平的重要性。
The high-energy rations were composed of maize and wheat, low energy status being achieved by using the more fibrous foods. There are a considerable number of variables involved but it is virtually impossible to control everything with equal specificity.
高能日粮由玉米、小麦组成，低能日粮则更多的使用了纤维原料。当然这样的话，日粮就会有很多差异存在，但事实是我们不可能把所有的指标都做到同一量。
Are the experiments described designed statistically? It is difficult to decide in advance upon the number of animals necessary when one is unaware of the variation which could be expected in relation to the selected dietary treatments, but results are subject to statistical analysis. The experiments are initially designed to answer problems in nutrition.
这个实验是按照统计学要求设计的吗？当一个人没有意识到日粮原料的选择会影响到日粮最终处理的不同时，他事前就很难确定必须的实验动物数，但是我们的实验结果是根据统计学去分析的。这个实验最初的目的是要解决营养学方面的问题。
May I elaborate further the point made by Morgan in reply to Livingston. When we substitute on feed for another, say wheat for oats, are we likely to be overlooking the specific effects which individual ingredients may exert over and above differences in energy level? For example, it has been suggested that wheat exerts a specific effect on fattening in this sense.
我可以用Morgan的论述来回答Livingston。当我们用一种原料来代替另外一种时，比如用小麦来替代燕麦，我们可能会忽略某种原料的特殊作用，以致超过它们作为能量来源的影响吗？例如，小麦对猪的育肥有特殊的作用。
I think it is unlikely that individual ingredients have such specific effects. Possibly in some investigations in the past the protein, mineral or vitamin supplements fed in conjunction with cereals have not provided a satisfactory balance. In practical recommendations we ensure that minimum requirements of the diet we are allowing excesses, but this we have to tolerate.
我认为单个原料的这样特殊作用是不可能的。过去的研究谷物日粮中添加蛋白质、矿物质和维生素，可能日粮的营养还是不很平衡的。在生产中我们配制的日粮肯定超过了动物的最低营养需要量，但是我们不得不接受这个现实。
May I elaborate a little on behalf of Rerat and Salmonlegagneur. The levels of feeding quoted refer to the levels of feed intake during the final month of pregnancy, not the entire period. The object of the work was to investigate the effect of two planes of nutrition over this period on subsequent milk production. The sows weighed around 500ib.
请允许我代表Rerat 和Salmonlegagneur进行部分阐述。日粮的饲喂量是指妊娠最后一个月而言，而不是整个妊娠期。研究的目的是想观察妊娠最后一个月中使用两种不同营养水平日粮对后期泌乳量的影响。实验母猪的体重500磅左右。
Perhaps Lodge would state his views with regard to the question of the desirability of allowing the sow to gain in body-weight during pregnancy, discounting in this sense the weight increase relating to the uterus and products of conception. An analogous situation occurs in the feeding of dairy cows and such an increase is necessary to provide an ‘essential driving force’ for subsequent lactation. Milk-yield potential is determined by the time parturition occurs; foodstuffs, as such, have no direct stimulatory effect on milk secretion. Nutrients are supplied during lactation simply to meet the nutritive demands of lactation.
或许Lodge应该陈述一下他的观点，他希望在妊娠期间母猪的体重有所增加，这种增加并不包括子宫生长和本身妊娠胎儿的重量。在喂奶牛的时候也需要有体重的增长，以为后期的泌乳提供必须的动力。在分娩的时候泌乳的潜力就已经先天决定了；日粮与产奶并没有直接的关系。泌乳期的营养仅仅是用来满足泌乳的营养需要。
What level of feeding does Lodge recommend? Should feed input be constant throughout pregnancy or should the plane of nutrition be stepped up over the final month?
Lodge推荐的饲喂量是多少？在整个妊娠期是保持饲喂量不变还是在最后一个样逐步增加饲喂量？
I understand that self-feeding of sows is not common practice. We are concerned with the avoidance of over fatness in sows and consequently, in practice we mix a pig-grower ration with ground alfalfa hay or wheat bran in the proportion 2:1. self-feeding with such a ration permits each individual sow to satisfy her appetite but overfatness is obviated.
我理解母猪的自由采食在实际生产中并不常见。我们很关注，避免母猪过肥，因此我们使用生长猪的日粮并添加粉碎的苜蓿干草或者小麦麸，添加比例为2：1，按照这样的日粮自由采食，可以满足母猪的食欲而不至于过肥。
The difficulty is related to the cost of such high fibre rations. The procedure described by Crampton could not be economic under our conditions.
问题是这样高纤维日粮的成本。在我们目前的条件下Crampton描述的日粮成本过高。
May I comment with regard to methods of experimentation. We should be as much concerned with interaction of treatments as with the effects of the treatments per se; for example we have examined the effects of dietary protein level on the lean:fat ratio of pig carcasses in relation to climatic environment. The farmer is concerned with what happens to the animal under his unique circumstances.
请允许我描述一下实验方法。我们应该对不同处理间的互作和处理本身同样关注；例如，我们已经检验了日粮蛋白质水平对瘦肉：肥肉比例的影响，以及与环境小气候的关系。每个农场主都关心在他自己的农场里，会有什么样的结果出现。
With reference to Braude’s paper on ‘concepts of nutrition and the formulation of pig diets’, the majority of the paper was an attack on the heavy pig, but since the divergence of opinion between Braude and Messrs. The salient issue is the economic production of lean meat and the savings in the cost of lean through the inherent advantages of the heavy pig such as spread of weaner costs, better killing out percentage, lower labour costs and cheaper finishing rations more than counterbalance the additional cost of fat produced in the later stages.
关于Braude的关于“营养的概念及猪日粮配方”的文章，用大量篇幅对体重大的猪进行了攻击，这是自Braude 和Messrs的观点有争议以来一直如此的。Messrs则认为在后期尽管脂肪的沉积增加了成本，但是瘦肉产量与猪通过整个生长阶段分摊的如断奶料成本、良好屠宰率、较低的劳动力成本和比较便宜的日粮的完美结合，反而是后期体重大的猪比较有优势。
In presenting his paper Braude made no reference to the compilation of rations for pigs. I interpreted my task as being one requiring some synthesis of the factors which have to be taken into account when attempting to evolve standards for nutrient requirements or a basis for ration compilation. Quite clearly advice given to any individual pig producer must be qualitied in relation to his unique circumstances and with reference to the performance levels that he can reasonably anticipate on the basis of his previous experiences. He has to gamble to some extent on the margins of safety he considers appropriate.
Such observations are very valuable in that they relate to a considerable number of pigs representing a random sample of animals drawn from the pig population as a whole. Would he give his views regarding the factors which govern the variations in response to treatments found in different centres?.
It is impossible to eliminate variations between centres participating in co-ordinated trials. We attempt to assess whether or not the distribution of variance is ‘normal’ but we cannot comprehensively evaluated the factors responsible, though this is the aim.
During the course of this conference the majority of the members have been privileged to listen to a series of expositions, arguments and philosophical reflections on innumerable aspects of the digestive physiology and nutrition of pigs and poultry. The active minority has spoken of its researches and investigations to the edification of all and as this conference draws to a close one may well reflect on what immediate and remote effects these deliberations are likely to have on the pattern of animal production in the various countries and areas represented here. Many of us are responsible for advising farmers or for translating into practical terms on the use and supply of rations for pigs and poultry. We must weigh up what we have learned and heard and consider to what extent present concepts of feeding and formulation of diets should be modified.
I should like to try and sum up a few of the more striking impressions that this conference has left upon me as an adviser. I speak also for my advisory colleagues in expressing our warmest thanks for the great privilege of attending.
First of all we would agree with professor Amoroso’s dictum that agricultural research should be as much concerned with securing new fundamental information for its own sake as with solving practical livestock nutritional problems. The papers of the first evening well illustrated this and subsequent speakers reminded us of the necessity of looking at the nutrition and physiology of pigs and poultry in relation to factors of environment, health, genetics and management. Unfortunately other speakers tended to lose this perspective in their ardent enthusiasm for the particular aspects of nutrition with which they were concerned; in striving to arrive at fundamental truths of nutrition as applicable to pigs and poultry on the farm they often completely ignored the possible modifications of their findings as brought about by farm circumstances.
Those of us responsible for the examination of farm feeding stuffs are only too aware of the wide diversity in composition of even the so-called standard foods such as cereals. It was surprising that some speakers concerned with calculation of the amino acid requirements of different species should be prepared to accept, at least tacitly the present very limited range of data on the amino acid make-up of different foods. Stress was laid and rightly so that there could be an over-all 100 percent variation in the nitrogen content of different samples of barley. Is it unlikely that there is just as great a variation in the individual amino acid make-up of the usual animal and vegetable protein foods? Are the diets we are prepared to recommend necessarily going to be more precise by an acceptance of the validity of the very few published figures of the amino acid contents of certain high protein food sources?
即使是那些被我们称为标准原料的谷物，在组成上差异也很大，我们负责农场原料工作的同事应该注意。不同日粮
We must always consider the ultimate practicability of our findings. We learn that it may require the addition of 10 percent calcium carbonate as chalk or limestone flour to the diet of the laying hen to ensure that she remains in calcium equilibrium. How many advisers would dare to risk advocating such a dusty type of diet or how many compounders would be prepared to market such a food?
我们必须要一直考虑我们发现的实际应用性。我们知道为了保证母鸡钙平衡，日粮中就需要有10%的碳酸钙或者石粉。有多少顾问敢冒险提倡使用这种高粉尘的日粮?有多少生产商准备卖这种饲料?
Despite the many considerable advances in our knowledge of the nutrition of farm animals, we still have to rely for practical implementation very largely on the limited range of feedings stuffs as they have known for a long time. Ultimately we do not feed our animals on so many calories and amino acids, units of vitamins, grams of minerals and so on; we give them their food in the shape of cereals, animal and vegetable protein foods, chalk, salt, ect. One wonders how far there is point in attempting to define too accurately specific requirements for pigs and poultry in the light of all the variable circumstances that surround these biological units. Even when these requirements become more accurately defined, their practical implementations will require somewhat arbitrary margins of safety to cover the ranges of variation inherent in biological systems.
尽管我们关于动物营养方面的知识有些是很先进的了，但是我们在很大程度上却仍不得不依靠我们很熟悉的相对有限的原料来实现。最后我们喂给动物的不是热量、氨基酸、单位维生素、几克的矿物质等等，我们是以谷物、动物和植物蛋白以及石粉和盐的形式来表达的。有人可能会问：在实际养殖中环境千差外别，我们真的可以特别准确来定义猪和家禽的营养需要吗？ 即便是有比较准确的定义，在实际生产中却仍要承担天生变化多端的生物体系的风险。
I make theses various points not in a spirit of destructive criticism but to remind our fundamental colleagues that their findings, past, present and future, have still to be interpreted into practical realities. The adviser ultimately has the task of translating fundamental work into practice, whether he suggests to the farmer what needs to be given to his livestock or whether he is responsible for advising the food manufacturer what to do to put a nutritionally adequate diet on to the farm. Moreover he has to stand or fall by the success or otherwise of the advice he tenders. The research worker’s job is done when he has determined as accurately as possible the specific nutrient needs of farm livestock. The adviser and food manufacturer have to carry the work forward into the practical realities of the farm with all its diversities of environment, type f stock.
我并不是本着一个批评的态度来对这些不同的观点进行抨击，而是想提醒我们在座的同事，你们的发现，不论过去、现在还是未来，仍将会被应用到实践。不管顾问是建议农场主应该给畜禽喂什么样的日粮，还是负责建议食品生产商应该给农场养殖的动物提供什么样的足营养日粮，他最终有把基础工作转化为可在生产实际中应用的任务。此外，他还必须承受他提出建议所带来的成功或者失败。当研究者能把畜禽具体的每种营养需要尽可能详细的确定下来时，他的工作也就完成了。顾问和食品生产商必须朝不同环境不同畜禽的营养需要方面开展工作。
It would be most appropriate to express thanks on behalf of the food compounding trade, whose representatives comprise roughly one-third of the members of this conference for the invitation to be present. We have all been privileged to listen to a series of extremely well-presented papers on topics which are of great relevance to our own interests
我代表复合食物贸易组织（该组织的成员占本次会议被邀请代表的1/3），表达我的谢意。我们很荣幸的听到了一系列特别精心准备的对我们利益息息相关的文章报告。 |
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