求教!请大虾们出手指教!

牧童

如下两句话
请高手给翻译成汉语!先谢谢!
    Are inferences to be made about levels not included in the experiment? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be random.
    Were the levels of a factor determined in a nonrandom manner? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be treated as fixed.

下面我在第4楼把原文贴出

以方便大家指教

先谢谢楼下两位!!!!

[ 本帖最后由 牧童 于 2007-5-7 23:32 编辑 ]

牧童

为什么没人理俺???????????????
高手们咋不回贴啊?????????????
:'( :'( :'(

nety

这个或许要语境,否则翻译出来就对不上头了!

个人理解是关于, 推论和实验关系问题!

山中的漫游者

我来试试，不知道对不对？
本试验中，某种固定因素的不同水平不需要考虑吗？如果要考虑，那么这个因素应该是个随机的
一个因素的水平决定一种随机的行为方式吗？如果是的，也许这个因素应该看作固定因素

牧童

这是加拿大哥尔福大学Larry Schaeffer 教授在2003年-2006年为研究生讲课的讲稿.
原文是在讲数学模型问题,而我的问题是在这个全段的第3,4,5标题下面(我用红字标注了的部分)
全段如下
Fixed and Random Factors

In the traditional "frequentist" approach, fixed and random factors need to be distinguished. In a Bayesian approach there is no such distinction and all factors are random variables associated with some sort of distribution function.

Fixed factors are factors in which the classes comprise all of the possible classes of interest that could be observed. For example, the sex of an animal is either male, female, sterilized male, or sterilized female. If the number of classes in a factor is small and confined to this number even if conceptual resampling were performed an infinite number of times, then the factor is likely fixed. Other examples are age classes, lactation number, management system, cage number, and breed class. Usually if the sampling were to be repeated a second time, those factors which maintain the same classes between the two samplings would be fixed factors. For example, a growth trial on pigs using two diets would probably need to use the same housing facilities, the same age groups of pigs, and the same diets, but the individual pigs would necessarily have to be new animals because an animal could not go through the same growth phase a second time in its life. Pig effects would be considered a random factor while the other effects would be fixed.

Random factors are factors whose levels are considered to be drawn randomly from an infinitely large population of levels. As in the previous pig experiment, pigs were considered random because the pig population of the world is large enough to be considered infinitely large, and the group that were involved in that experiment were a random sample from that population. In actual fact, however, the pigs on that experiment were likely sampled from those relatively few pigs that were available at the time the trial started, but still they are considered to be a random factor because if the experiment were to be repeated again, there would likely be a completely different group of pigs involved.

Another way to determine if a factor is fixed or random is to know how the results will be used. In a nutrition trial the results infer something about the diets in the trial. The diets are specific and no inferences should be made about other diets not tested in the experiment. Hence diet effects would be a fixed factor. In contrast, if animal effects were in the model, inferences about how any animal might respond to a specific diet may need to be made. There should not be anything peculiar about the animal on the trial that would nullify that inference. Animal effects would be a random factor.

In general, a few questions need to be answered to make the correct choice of fixed or random factor designation. Some of the questions are

1.
How many levels of the factor are in the model? If small, then perhaps this is a fixed factor. If large, then perhaps this is a random factor.

2.
Is the number of levels in the population large enough to be considered infinite? If yes, then perhaps this factor is random.

3.
Would the same levels be used again if the experiment were to be repeated a second time? If yes, then perhaps this factor is fixed.

4.
Are inferences to be made about levels not included in the experiment? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be random.

(我的翻译:是不是你要做出的关于各水平的推断不包含在试验里啊?如果不包含,那么也许这个因子就是随机的(因子).)

5.
Were the levels of a factor determined in a nonrandom manner? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be treated as fixed.

我的翻译:(当时你设计试验时)一个因子的各水平是不是以非随机方式决定的啊?如果是非随机决定的,那么这个因子也许可按照固定因子对待.



By studying the scientific literature, a researcher should be able to get some help in this decision process. If in doubt, then the assistance of an experienced statistician should be sought.

In a Bayesian context, a prior distribution needs to be assumed about each of the factors. For random factors, typically these might be assumed to have a Normal distribution with a particular mean and variance. For fixed factors, an uniform distribution may be assumed or a prior distribution in which the factors are proportional to a constant. In a Bayesian context, even the variances need to have an assumed prior distribution. The prior distributions are combined to derive the distribution of the observations, and then are used with the distribution of the data to arrive at a posterior distribution from which inferences may be made.

上面加了汉字的是想请大家帮助翻译的
我拿不准啊
所以才拿来这里求教的
谢谢两位了!

[ 本帖最后由 牧童 于 2007-5-7 23:54 编辑 ]

牧童

我只所以不把自己的翻译拿出来,就是怕大家受错误的暗示
现在拿出来,主要是想给大家提供一些专业词汇,免得大家去查字典了

矮子

Are inferences to be made about levels not included in the experiment? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be random.

(我的翻译:是不是你要做出的关于各水平的推断不包含在试验里啊?如果不包含,那么也许这个因子就是随机的(因子).)

5.
Were the levels of a factor determined in a nonrandom manner? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be treated as fixed.

我的翻译:(当时你设计试验时)一个因子的各水平是不是以非随机方式决定的啊?如果是非随机决定的,那么这个因子也许可按照固定因子对待.


你翻译的不错。

这种数学生统的笔译很费时的：

Are inferences to be made about levels not included in the experiment? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be random.

试验之外的水平是否由推论而出？如果是，那么该因子或许是随机的

5.
Were the levels of a factor determined in a nonrandom manner? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be treated as fixed.

一个因子的水平是否由非随机方式决定？如果是,那么该因子也许是固定的

矮子

Are inferences to be made about levels not included in the experiment? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be random.

(我的翻译:是不是你要做出的关于各水平的推断不包含在试验里啊?如果不包含,那么也许这个因子就是随机的(因子).)

Were the levels of a factor determined in a nonrandom manner? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be treated as fixed.

我的翻译当时你设计试验时)一个因子的各水平是不是以非随机方式决定的啊?如果是非随机决定的,那么这个因子也许可按照固定因子对待.


你翻译的不错。

这种数学生统的笔译很费时的：

Are inferences to be made about levels not included in the experiment? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be random.

试验之外的水平是否由推论而出？如果是，那么该因子或许是随机的

Were the levels of a factor determined in a nonrandom manner? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be treated as fixed.

一个因子的水平是否由非随机方式决定？如果是,那么该因子也许是固定的

牧童

在这两句英文里的should该翻译为"也许"还是该翻译为"应该"?它跟句中的单词"perhaps"是什么关系啊?请各位继续指点!
4.
Are inferences to be made about levels not included in the experiment? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be random.
5.
Were the levels of a factor determined in a nonrandom manner? If yes, then perhaps this factor should be treated as fixed.

jy02281190

我认为这里的should be是虚拟语气，不需要翻译出来，赞成矮子的翻译