保持断奶时大窝的仔猪的生长性能(1)

牧童

The following technical article is related to the event:
Pig Farmer´s Conference 2014

Maintaining Growth in pigs weaned from Large Litters

Published on: 3/1/2015

Author/s : Peadar Lawlor, Shane Brady and Seamas Clarke, Teagasc

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保持断奶时大窝的仔猪的生长性能

(1)

Summary

Larger litters are resulting in lighter and more variable birth and weaning weights in pigs which will make it even more difficult than before to achieve high intake and growth immediately post-weaning. To overcome the “growth lag” normally experienced at weaning, intake of feed and water should be targeted at levels achieved prior to weaning. Increasing weaning age particularly above 3 weeks will increase growth performance and improve piglet health and targeting increased piglet birth weight will increase post-weaning growth and lifetime performance. Post-weaning diets should contain milk by-products, the most important of which is dried whey, as a source of lactose. It is not necessary to cook cereals for inclusion in post-weaning diets but cereals should be well screened and clean. Acids, prebiotics and probiotics can be effective alternatives to antibiotics in weaned pig diets but the response from their use may not be as predictable as that from conventional antibiotic use. Good quality starter and link diets are necessary for weaned pigs; however, the levels used should be geared towards pig weaning weight, health and the optimization of lifetime growth. We have not found liquid feeding of weaned pigs to increase growth rate but rather to increase feed wastage and reduce piglet growth. However, feeding milk replacer for a short period after weaning can greatly increase piglet growth and gastrointestinal health.

总结

大窝可导致仔猪初生重和断奶重平均数较小而变异较大，这会使它断奶后采食量和日增重更难以表现较高性能。在断奶后为了克服“生长滞后”，饲料和水的摄入量应达到断奶前水平。增加断奶日龄到3周以上可提高生长性能，改善仔猪健康，提高仔猪出生重可以提高仔猪断奶后生长和终生生产性能。断奶后日粮应包括乳副产品，其中最关键的是要以乳清粉、乳糖作为来源。不需要加工处理仔猪日粮使用的谷物，但是谷物应该要很好的筛选和清洁。在仔猪日粮中使用酸，益生元和益生菌可有效代替抗生素，但是来自猪场的反应并不像传统的抗生素那样可以预测。教槽料和过渡料的良好品质对于断奶仔猪是非常必要的;然而，使用水平应着眼于猪断奶体重、健康和生长期的优化。我们还没有发现液体饲料可以提高断奶仔猪生长速度，而是发现提高饲料浪费，降低了仔猪生长速度。然而，断奶后短期内使用代乳料，可以巨大地提高断奶仔猪的生长性能和肠胃健康。

Introduction

Weaning is arguably the most stressful period in the pig’s life. At weaning the pig is removed from the sow where it has had access to ~20 small feeds of sow’s milk each day. It is removed to unfamiliar surroundings and mixed with strange pigs in pens where the only available food is predominantly vegetable in origin and generally fed in dry form. It is hardly surprising that with such social and nutritional stress the pig generally suffers a growth check in the immediate post-weaning period.

介绍

断奶在猪一生中可以算得上应激最大的时期。在断奶时，仔猪离开母猪，断奶前它可以每天从母猪那里获取20次母猪奶的饲喂。它被迁到陌生的环境，与圈中的陌生猪混合，其中唯一可用的食物主要是来源于植物的饲料，并且一般以干混合的形式饲喂。在这样的社会和营养的双重激下，仔猪断奶后短期内生长性能抑制，就不足为奇了。

Irish sows now produce 1.7 more live born pigs per litter than they did 10 years ago and increases are likely to continue. However, large litters bring problems, with lighter piglets born and weaned, and greater within-litter variation in piglet birth and weaning weight. This is particularly important since birth weight has a huge influence on lifetime pig growth. We have always had a challenge to maintain pre-weaning growth rates in the early post-weaning period and this challenge is now even greater. Overcoming this post-weaning growth check will reduce mortality, increase lifetime growth and reduce the time needed to bring pigs to their target slaughter weight. Now is an opportune time to take stock of what we have learned about good post-weaning management and nutrition practices with this goal in mind.

目前，爱尔兰母猪每窝出生的猪只比10年前多1.7，这种趋势很可能会继续增长。然而，大窝不仅带来出生仔猪和断奶仔猪体重较轻的问题，而且同窝内仔猪初生重和断奶重的变异更大。这是特别重要的，因为初生体重对猪一生的生长性能影响巨大。在断奶初期保持断奶前增长率的问题一直在向我们挑战，目前这个挑战更大。克服断奶后生长抑制可减少死亡率，提高生命期生长性能，减少猪长到屠宰目标体重所需要的时间。现在我们应该考虑关于仔猪断奶后管理和营养实践的已有知识。  

1. Weaning age

Typically in Ireland pigs are weaned at ~26 days of age. Earlier weaning could increase sow productivity due to increased litters per sow per year. However, this can lead to greater health/mortality problems, and feed costs will increase as pigs are introduced to more expensive diets earlier. Leliveld et al. (2013) investigated the effect of weaning age (3, 4 and 5 weeks) on the growth performance of pigs up to 10 weeks of age. With each one week increase in weaning age, feed intake and growth rate increased and feed conversion improved in the first 2 weeks after weaning. When growth performance was measured to the same chronological age (10 weeks of age) feed intake and growth rate increased with each week increment in weaning age. Five week weaned pigs also had improved feed conversion efficiency compared to those weaned at 3 or 4 weeks (Table 1). Previously it was shown that each 1 day increase in weaning age contributes ~500 g of an increase in weight at 28 days post-weaning (Lawlor et al., 2003a). Older pigs adapt more rapidly to solid diets as their gastrointestinal tract is more developed.

1.断奶日龄

在爱尔兰猪断奶年龄通常在26天。断奶更早也许可以提高母猪生产力从而增加母猪的年产仔窝数。然而，这可能会导致更大的健康问题和死亡率，饲料成本会由于引入更昂贵的日粮而增加。Leliveld等人（2013）研究了断奶日龄（3,4和5周）对仔猪10周龄内生长性能的影响。在断奶后的前2周，随着断奶日龄增加，采食量和生长速率都提高，饲料转化率得到改善。在相同周龄（10周龄）测定仔猪生长性能，随断奶日龄的增加，采食量和生长性能都得到提高。比起那些在3或4周（表1）断奶的仔猪，5周断奶的仔猪饲料转化率也得到了改善。先前的研究（劳勒等人，2003年）已表明，断奶日龄每增加一天，断奶后28天的仔猪体重就增加500克。成年猪的胃肠道较为发达从而能更快的适应固体饲料。

Mortality between weaning and 10 weeks of age, and faecal E. coli counts at 10 days postweaning were higher in 3 week weaned pigs compared to those weaned at 4 weeks (Leliveld et al., 2013). Higher amounts of undigested feed are found in the gastrointestinal tract of early weaned pigs compared to those weaned later leading to the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in the intestine and diarrhoea.

3周龄断奶的仔猪与4周龄断奶的仔猪相比，断奶至10周龄的死亡率，和断奶后10天的粪中大肠杆菌计数都较高(Leliveld 等, 2013)。 早断奶的仔猪与迟断奶的仔猪相比，胃肠道内发现的没消化的饲料更多，导致腹泻和病原菌更多。

2. Wean a heavy pig but “Birth weight is king!”

High feed intake and growth rate in the period immediately following weaning is essential if growth rates from weaning to sale are to be maximised. The key to achieving this is to wean heavier pigs. However, a heavy pig at weaning can originate because it was inherently heavier at birth or because, it received preferential management and nutrition during the suckling period. Increasing nutrition and management by creep feeding, offering milk replacer to suckling pigs and reducing litter size were effective in increasing weaning weight by 0.5kg per pig. However, boosting weaning weight in this manner did not influence post-weaning performance and the weight advantage created at weaning disappeared by 14 days postweaning (Lawlor et al., 2002a; Table 2).

2.断奶重大了好，但是“出生重第一”

如果要使从断奶到上市的生长速度都被最大化，就必须在断奶后立即具有高采食量和高增长速度。实现这一目标的关键，是猪断奶重较大。然而，断奶体重大的仔猪可能是由于它的初生重大，也可能是它在哺乳期得到了更好的管理和营养。加强仔猪营养并且采用渐变过渡式管理，为哺乳仔猪提供代乳料，并且降低窝大小，可以有效地提高每头猪的断奶体重0.5千克。然而，以这种方式提高断奶体重并不影响断奶后的性能，断奶时的体重优势在断奶后14天就会消失（劳勒等，2002年；表2）.

Table 1. Effect of weaning age on growth performance (Leliveld et al., 2013)

表1.断奶日龄对仔猪生长性能的影响(Leliveld等, 2013)

表1、断奶日龄对生长性能的影响（leliveld等人，2013）

表2、断奶前后的营养对断奶后129天的生长性能的影响（实验1；劳勒等，2002）

Table 2. Effect of pre- and post-weaning nutrition on pig performance to 129 days post-weaning (Experiment 1; Lawlor et al., 2002a).

Conversely, pigs that were heavier at weaning because they were heavier at birth had higher intake and daily gain in the first 4 weeks post-weaning and their weight advantage had increased by 60 % at 26 days post-weaning (Table 3). The differential in weight between heavy and light pigs at weaning (1.3 kg) could be traced back to a 170 g difference in birth weight between the two groups. Similar results are reported extensively and the benefit from a heavy weaning weight is evident up to slaughter weight. This work highlights the importance of achieving heavy birth weights. Pre-weaning management, although important cannot correct for low birth weights. The importance of birth weight in this regard is most likely because lighter pigs at birth have fewer muscle fibres which results in lower lean gain deposition rates and poorer FCE (Dwyer, et al., 1993). It is also important to note that, unless a high nutrient density diet is fed post-weaning, the benefits that arise from having a heavy pig at birth are lost (Lawlor et al., 2002a).

    相反，出生体重较大导致断奶体重较大的仔猪，在断奶后前四周的采食量和日增重都大，他们的体重优势在断奶后26天提高了60％（表3）。断奶时体重大与体重小的组间差别是1.3千克，这可能是两组间出生体重差异170克左右造成的。类似的结果被广泛报道，断奶体重大的好处是显而易见的，这种优势可以直到屠宰。这以研究表明了出生体重大的重要性。断奶前的管理，虽然重要但不能纠正低出生体重的劣势。在这个方面出生体重的重要性有可能是由于出生体重小的仔猪有更少的肌肉纤维，这导致较低的瘦肉沉积速率和较差的FCE（德怀尔等，1993）。同样重要的是要注意，除非在断奶后饲喂高营养密度的日粮，初生重大的优势可能会丢失（劳勒等人，2002年）。

表3.断奶后日粮对初生重大和初生重小的仔猪在断奶后26天的性能的影响（实验2；劳勒等人，2002）。

Table 3. Effect of post-weaning diet on performance of heavy and light pigs from weaning to day 26 post-weaning (Experiment 2; Lawlor et al., 2002a)

3. Water intake